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Jacques Derrida / Johns Hopkins University Press / 1998年01月08日
"Of Grammatology" 是Jacques Derrida的杰出作品，这本书深刻地探讨了解构主义与现象学的革命性理论。Derrida以他独特的思考方式和精妙的笔触，挑战了传统的文本解读和语言理解方式。他的解构主义理论，不仅颠覆了我们对语言、文本、意义和结构的固有认知，更揭示了这些概念背后的不确定性和动态性。通过对写作、阅读以及交流过程的深入分析，Derrida让我们重新审视语言在人类生活中的角色和影响。这本书对于文学、哲学、语言学等领域的研究者而言，无疑是一本极具启发性的重要著作。它不仅推动了当代理论的发展，也为我们提供了全新的视角来思考和探索语言、文化和社会的复杂现象。
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第一章：Introduction: Writing and Difference
1.1 Writing as a Topic of the History of Philosophy
**观点**: Derrida claims that writing has been relegated to a secondary position in Western philosophy, which privileges speech and presence as the true loci of meaning.
**关键点**:
Writing as mere representation of speech.
Speech as direct expression of thought and presence.
Logocentrism as the privileging of speech over writing.
1.2 The End of the Book and the Beginning of Writing
**观点**: Derrida proclaims the "end of the book," not in the literal sense but as a metaphor for the transformation of the concept of writing and reading.
**关键点**:
Linearity and continuity of the book form are challenged.
An alternative form of reading and writing is proposed, one that is nonsequential and nonlinear.
1.3 Structuralism and Grammatology
**观点**: Derrida discusses structuralism and Saussure's linguistics in relation to grammatology.
**关键点**:
Saussure's linguistic theory with its distinction between langue and parole.
The linguistic sign as defined by Saussure with its binary nature: signifier (sound-image) and signified (concept).
Derrida challenges the logocentrism inherent in structuralism.
第二章：Of Grammatology as a Positive Science
2.1 The Double Structure of Language as Writing: The Signifier and the Signified
**观点**: Derrida further develops his critique of Saussure's linguistic model.
**关键点**:
Signifier and signified as not fixed but in a state of deferment or différance.
Différance as a neologism introduced by Derrida to question the process of meaning production.
2.2 Writing before Speech
**观点**: Derrida suggests that writing is prior to speech, challenging traditional ontological prioritization of speech over writing.
**关键点**:
Archaeology of a concept of writing that predates speech.
Writing as a system affecting the history of Being and ontology.
2.3 The Trace and Arche-Writing
**观点**: Derrida introduces the concept of the "trace" to think about arche-writing, the origin or groundless ground of language.
**关键点**:
The trace as the unrepresentable condition of possibility for signification and presence.
The trace as the limit of phenomenology.
第三章：Language and Writing: The Violence of the Letter from Levi-Strauss to Rousseau
3.1 The Battle Between the Letter and the Spirit
**观点**: Derrida examines the tension between the written letter and the living spirit, drawing on examples from Lévi-Strauss and Rousseau.
**关键点**:
Binary opposition of "letter" (writing) vs. "spirit" (speech).
Lévi-Strauss's analysis of Nambikwara culture's resistance to writing.
3.2 Rousseau and the Invention of the Human
**观点**: Derrida reads Rousseau's works to show how they participate in the invention of humanity as a being of language.
**关键点**:
Rousseau's privileging of speech over writing as foundational for human identity.
The paradoxes and contradictions within Rousseau's own texts regarding writing and its role.
3.3 Writing and Power
**观点**: Derrida discusses how writing is not just an innocent act of notation but also involves power dynamics.
**关键点**:
Writing as a technology of control and domination.
The repressive hypothesis that connects writing with social hierarchy and subjugation.
