Summary of "The Gains and Losses of Chinese Politics"Chapter 1: Han DynastyGovernment Organization in the Han Dynasty - Royal Family and Government - During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the royal family and the government began to be separated. The emperor was the head of state and the prime minister was the leader of the government. - The prime minister had greater power and represented the government rather than the royal family. - Central Government and Local Government - The Han Dynasty was centralized, and local administration was the responsibility of the county governor. - The county was divided into several counties, and the county governor directly managed the people. - Nine Ministers and Shangshu - The Nine Ministers were nine central government offices during the Qin and Han Dynasties. - The Shangshu was the emperor&39;s personal secretary, and later gradually developed into a national administrative agency. Election System in the Han Dynasty - Xiangjulixuan - Talented people recommended by the local government served in the central government. - Examination System - Examination gradually took a secondary position in the recommendation system, but laid the foundation for the later imperial examination system. Economic System in the Han Dynasty - Land System - The land grant system was implemented in the early Han Dynasty, but it was gradually relaxed later. - Currency system - During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, the currency was unified and the five-zhu coins were minted as legal tender. Chapter 2: Tang DynastyTang Dynasty Government Organization- Three Provinces and Six Departments - The Secretariat drafted the imperial edicts, the Ministry of Personnel reviewed them, and the Ministry of Shangshu executed them. - The six departments corresponded to six aspects of government affairs. - Emperors dispatched - Special envoys were dispatched to various important local affairs, forming a temporary official system. Tang Dynasty Examination System- Imperial Examination and Selection of Officials - Imperial Examinations were used to select officials. - Selection of officials was used to examine the qualifications and talents of appointed officials. Tang Dynasty Economic System- Rent and Labor System - Based on the equal-field system in which land was state-owned, rent and labor system was implemented. - Grain, cloth and labor were collected. Chapter 3: Song DynastySong Dynasty Government Organization- Central Government - A more centralized central government system was implemented. - The strengthening of the censor system strengthened the constraints on the emperor. - Local Government - The supervisory function of local officials was increased. Examination system in the Song Dynasty - Palace Examination System - The emperor personally presided over the palace examination, strengthening the direct control of the imperial power over the imperial examination. - School System - The state established the Imperial Academy, which became the highest institution of learning at the time. Economic system in the Song Dynasty - Fiscal and Taxation - The Two-Tax System became the main taxation system. - Emphasis on the development of commerce and handicrafts promoted economic prosperity. Chapter 4: Ming DynastyGovernment Organization in the Ming Dynasty - Abolition of Prime Minister&39;s Power - Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the position of prime minister and concentrated power in the emperor. - East Factory and Jinyiwei - Established secret agencies to strengthen the central government&39;s monitoring capabilities. Imperial Examination System in the Ming Dynasty - Eight-part Essay - The imperial examination adopted a specific style format, which imposed certain restrictions on the selection of talents. Economic System in the Ming Dynasty - Sea Ban Policy - The long-term implementation of a closed-door policy affected foreign trade and economic development. Chapter 5: Qing DynastyGovernment Organization in the Qing Dynasty - Manchu Privileges - Manchu nobles enjoyed a privileged position in politics. - Military Affairs Council - The establishment of the Military Affairs Council to handle urgent and important government affairs further strengthened the emperor&39;s autocratic rule. Examination System in the Qing Dynasty - Textual Research - Academically, textual research was prevalent in the Qing Dynasty, which affected the content of the imperial examination. Economic System in the Qing Dynasty - Grain Transport and Salt Administration - The grain transport policy in the Qing Dynasty ensured an important way to supply food in the north. - Salt administration, as an important source of fiscal revenue, was strictly controlled.

In response to Mr. Qian Mu's book "China's Political Gains and Losses in Successive Dynasties", I have selected the following sentences or paragraphs for you. These contents have their own characteristics, some are profound, some are unique in perspective, some are beautiful in language, some are full of wisdom, and some are creative. I believe they can meet the professional needs of readers. 1. On the view of history "When studying history, the most important thing to pay attention to is the culture hidden and completed behind this history. History is its appearance, and culture is its content." 2. On the political system "The establishment of any system must have its external needs and internal intentions, which is definitely not something that can be done by one person at one time and one place." 3. On the attitude towards history "Those who have a little knowledge of their country's past history must have a kind of warmth and respect for their country's past history." 4. Explain the relationship between politics and culture "Politics is an important part of the cultural system. Especially in China, its cultural spirit focuses on the humanities. What's more, it focuses on human nature, and politics has always been a major issue at the center of this humanities." 5. On the monarchy "The political system in Chinese history can generally be said to be autocratic. But the Chinese monarch actually only has the empty title of the common lord of the world, and has no actual power to rule the world." 6. Talking about the bureaucracy "Bureaucratic politics is certainly not an ideal politics. However, China is vast and transportation is inconvenient. Under such circumstances, there can only be a relatively reasonable and responsible bureaucracy." 7. Explaining the method of historical research "When studying a system, one should not only look at the system itself, but should also study it in conjunction with all historical facts related to the system." 8. Discussing political change "Politics is an important part of culture. Politics cannot exist in isolation from other cultural activities. Therefore, when studying the politics of any era, one must integrate other contemporary cultural sectors to get the truth." 9. Talking about the understanding of traditional politics "We should find reasonable meanings from historical traditions so that we can lay the foundation for political improvements when we build our country in the future." 10. Explaining the relationship between history and reality "Although history is the past, our understanding of history begins and ends with reality. Therefore, when we study history, the historical lessons we gain are only lessons of reality." 11. Discussing the characteristics of Chinese politics "Chinese politics has been autocratic since the Qin Dynasty. However, there is a kind of flexibility in the Chinese political system. Therefore, although Chinese politics is autocratic, it can accommodate opinions from all sides and adopt talents from all sides." 12. Talking about the changes in the political system "No system exists in isolation. The various systems must cooperate with each other to form a complete set. Otherwise, those systems will be divided and will never exist, nor can they be implemented." 13. Explaining the relationship between politics and morality "Politics should be discussed in two levels: one is about personnel, and the other is about system. Personnel is relatively changeable, and the system is created and revised by people. Although personnel changes in this way, the invisible spirit of the system does not change. The Chinese political system has always valued the allocation of powers, and examinations and elections belong to the personnel aspect." 14. On the stability of the political system "No system can be beneficial without disadvantages. No system can last for a long time without decline. But we can say that all previous systems in history are like this, and the new democratic politics after the Revolution of 1911 is beyond the reach of all previous systems." 15. Talking about the interaction between politics and economy "Speaking of local administration in China, the most brilliant one should be the Han Dynasty, because it was able to completely separate financial power and personnel power. The Tang Dynasty was different. It gradually made financial power and personnel power coordinated. After that, local officials gradually overwhelmed the central government." 16. Explaining the relationship between politics and society "Politics is the management of the affairs of the people, so political activities must involve all aspects of society. If we ignore all aspects of society and talk about politics in isolation, it will never make sense." 17. Talking about the innovation of political system "When we discuss a system, we should pay attention to its timeliness and its regionality. In this country and this region, the system was established and implemented to the benefit, but in another country and another region, it may not be the case." 18. Talking about the inheritance and change of political system "Since the Qin Dynasty, China's traditional politics is that the emperor is the highest in terms of position, the officials are divided in terms of duties, and each has their own power and discretion. For example, the power of the prime minister cannot be violated by the monarch." 19. Explain the complexity of the political system "In politics, there are two major aspects: one is political power, and the other is governing power. Political power is the people's power, and governing power is the government's power." 20. On the long-term impact of the political system "If we discuss the politics of successive dynasties in Chinese history, we can find that politics

Qian Mu (1895-1990), formerly known as Qian Muzhi and styled as Muzhi, was born in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province.< He is a famous modern Chinese historian, philosopher and educator.

His academic achievements and influence are of great importance in China and even in the world.<

Personal basic information Qian Mu was born in a scholarly family in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, and received a good family education since childhood.

He experienced the great changes from feudal society to modern society in his life, which also provided rich historical materials for his later academic research.<

Education and professional background Qian Mu received traditional education in his hometown in his early years, and later entered Peking University to study.

His academic career was mainly spent in higher education institutions such as Peking University and Tsinghua University.< He taught in many universities and trained a large number of outstanding students.

Writing career Qian Mu's writing career spanned more than half a century, and his works covered many fields such as history, philosophy, and culture.

Among them, "Political Gains and Losses in Chinese Dynasties" is his famous work and a classic work in the Chinese historical community.<

Style and Theme of Works Qian Mu's writing style is known for its rigor, depth and comprehensiveness.

The themes of his works are mostly centered around Chinese history, culture, philosophy and other fields, with particular emphasis on the excavation and inheritance of traditional Chinese culture.< In the book "The Gains and Losses of Politics in Chinese Dynasties", he deeply analyzes the gains and losses of the political system, social structure, economic development and other aspects of various dynasties in Chinese history, providing readers with a comprehensive and in-depth perspective on Chinese history.

Personal Life Qian Mu's personal life is relatively low-key, and his philosophy of life is closely linked to his academic pursuits.

Social Influence Qian Mu's academic achievements and educational philosophy have had a profound impact on the academic community in China and even around the world.

Quotations and Evaluations Qian Mu's academic achievements have been widely recognized.

For example, the famous historian Chen Yinke once commented on Qian Mu's academic achievements: "Mr.< Qian Mu's academic achievements can be regarded as the treasure of modern Chinese historiography.

" ### Latest News Although Mr.< Qian Mu has passed away for many years, his academic legacy still has a profound impact on the academic community and the public.

His works are constantly being reprinted and studied, and his thoughts and ideas are constantly being inherited and carried forward by new generations of scholars and readers.< Qian Mu's academic career and works provide us with a window to deeply understand Chinese history and culture, and his contributions and influence will always be remembered.