Book Summary of Metaphors We Live ByChapter 1: The Nature of Metaphor1.1 Definition and Universality of Metaphor - Definition: Metaphor is a cognitive tool that uses the mapping of experience in one domain to understand another domain. - Universality: Metaphors are ubiquitous, and language, thinking, and even behavior are influenced by metaphors. 1.2 The Mechanism of Metaphor - Mapping: Metaphor works by mapping the source domain (known experience) to the target domain (unknown experience). - Non-literal meaning: Metaphorical meaning goes beyond the literal meaning and is derived through association and reasoning. Chapter 2: The Structure of Metaphor2.1 Constituent Elements - Source Domain: Provides the images and experiences needed to understand the target domain. - Target Domain: The domain of experience that is explained and understood by metaphor. - Mapping Relationship: The correspondence between the source domain and the target domain. 2.2 Types of Metaphors - Positional Metaphor: Metaphors based on spatial location, such as "up" for good and "down" for bad. - Ontological Metaphor: Metaphors that substantiate abstract concepts, such as "time is money". - Structural Metaphor: The systematic structure of one field is used to organize another field, such as "war is a game". Chapter 3: Metaphor and Thinking3.1 Metaphor and Conceptual System - Conceptual Structure: Metaphor is one of the cornerstones of building our conceptual system. - Categorization: Metaphors help us form and understand new concepts and categories. 3.2 Metaphor and Creativity - Innovation: Metaphors inspire new imagination and ideas and promote creativity. - Problem Solving: Through metaphors, we can learn from methods in other fields to solve current problems. Chapter 4: Metaphor and Culture4.1 Metaphors in Culture - Shared Experience: People in different cultures may have different metaphor systems, reflecting their shared social and cultural experiences. - Changes in metaphor: Metaphors evolve with cultural changes, reflecting changes in social values and technology. 4.2 Cross-cultural communication of metaphors - Misunderstanding: Cultural differences may lead to misunderstanding and inappropriate use of metaphors. - Translation: The translation of metaphors requires a deep understanding of the cultural connotations of the source and target languages. Chapter 5: Limitations and Challenges of Metaphors 5.1 Limitations of Metaphors - Over-reliance: Over-reliance on metaphors may lead to biased or inaccurate understanding. - Ambiguity of interpretation: The same metaphor may have multiple interpretations, which may lead to confusion. 5.2 Challenges of Metaphors - Metaphorical Basis of Scientific Theory: Scientific theories are often built on metaphors, which challenges the assessment of their accuracy and objectivity. - Education and Learning: Educators need to be aware of the impact of metaphors on students&39; understanding of knowledge and use them appropriately in teaching. --- The above is a brief summary of the main contents of the book Metaphors We Live By. The book explores in detail how metaphors shape our way of thinking, cultural expression, and scientific understanding, providing us with a new perspective on the relationship between language and the real world.

I have selected the following sentences or paragraphs for you in the book Metaphors We Live By. These contents show the profound insights, unique perspectives, beautiful language, wisdom and creativity of the authors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. To maintain professionalism. 1. Metaphor is everywhere, it is our basic way of understanding the world. ** This sentence reveals the core position of metaphor in our cognition and challenges the traditional view that metaphor is just a rhetorical device. 2. Metaphor is not just a matter of language, but also a matter of thinking and action. ** This sentence emphasizes the important role of metaphor in shaping our thinking patterns and guiding our behavior. 3. Our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical. ** This sentence points out that when we understand abstract concepts, we often rely on more concrete and intuitive metaphorical expressions. 4. Metaphor allows us to understand the unknown with the known. ** This reveals how metaphor, as a cognitive tool, helps us explore and understand new areas. 5. Time is money. This is not just a saying, but a metaphor that profoundly affects our behavior and decision-making. ** This sentence shows how metaphors permeate and affect our daily lives through specific examples. 6. Love is a war. In this metaphor, pursuit, strategy, victory and failure all take on new meanings. ** This sentence reveals how metaphors give abstract emotions a framework and meaning of concrete actions. 7. Argument is war. We engage in this metaphorical war by attacking the other party's position and defending our own point of view. ** This sentence illustrates how metaphors affect the way we participate in social interaction and communication. 8. Metaphor is creative, it can break old thinking patterns and open up new cognitive space. ** This sentence emphasizes the key role of metaphor in promoting innovative thinking and expanding the boundaries of knowledge. 9. Metaphor is a reflection of culture, and different cultures give birth to different metaphor systems. ** This sentence reveals the close connection between metaphor and culture, and how metaphors embody and inherit cultural values. 10. Metaphor is a bridge of thinking, connecting the abstract and the concrete, the rational and the emotional. ** This sentence depicts the important role of metaphor in integrating different cognitive dimensions. 11. Metaphor is not only a language art, but also a survival wisdom. ** This sentence elevates the status of metaphor and regards it as the crystallization of human wisdom. 12. Through metaphors, we can get a glimpse of the deep structure of the human mind. ** This sentence implies that metaphor is a powerful tool for exploring human psychology and cognitive mechanisms. 13. Metaphor is the wings of thinking, allowing us to fly beyond the constraints of reality and explore infinite possibilities. ** This sentence uses poetic language to praise the role of metaphor in stimulating imagination and creativity. 14. Metaphor is a language game, but it is also a way to reveal the truth. ** This sentence balances the entertainment and seriousness of metaphors and points out its value in revealing deep truths. 15. Metaphor is a catalyst for thinking, which can accelerate our understanding of complex problems. ** This sentence emphasizes the important role of metaphors in simplifying complex concepts and promoting rapid understanding. 16. Metaphor is a cognitive shortcut that allows us to understand more things with less effort. ** This sentence reveals the role of metaphor as an efficiency tool in improving our cognitive efficiency. 17. Metaphor is the code of thinking, and deciphering it can unlock the deep cognitive world. ** This sentence uses mysterious metaphors to highlight the key role of metaphors in revealing deep knowledge and understanding. 18. Metaphor is not only a rhetorical device, but also a tool for understanding the world and constructing reality. ** This sentence expands the scope of metaphor's function, considering it as a comprehensive cognitive tool. 19. Metaphor is a mirror of the mind, reflecting the way we see the world and our biases. ** This sentence reveals the dual role of metaphor in reflecting and shaping our cognitive biases. 20. Metaphor is constantly evolving, it develops with the development of culture and cognition. ** This sentence points out the dynamic nature of metaphor and emphasizes its important role in adapting to and promoting cultural cognitive changes.

Title: Exploring the Power of Metaphor: The Academic Journey of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson George Lakoff and Mark Johnson are two famous American cognitive linguists who co-authored the book Metaphors We Live By, which has had a profound impact on linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy and other fields since its publication in 1980.

George LakoffBasic Personal Information: George Lakoff, born in New York, USA in 1941, is an outstanding cognitive linguist and philosopher.

Education and Career Background: He received his Ph.< D.

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and served as a professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley for many years.< His research areas include cognitive linguistics, cognitive science and political discourse analysis.

Writing Career: Lakoff's writing career began in the 1970s, and his works cover many aspects of cognitive linguistics, including Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.

Style and theme of work: Lakoff's works are known for their in-depth exploration of the relationship between language and thinking.< He believes that metaphor is not only a rhetorical device, but also a basic way for us to understand the world.

Personal life: There is little public information about Lakoff's personal life, but his contributions in the academic world have made him a leader in the field of cognitive linguistics.

Social influence: Lakoff's theory has had an important impact on linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy and even political science.< His work has been widely cited and has inspired new research ideas in many fields.

Citations and evaluations: The New York Times once evaluated Lakoff's work as "a revolutionary understanding of the relationship between language and thinking", while Scientific American called him "the founder of cognitive linguistics.

" Latest developments: Lakoff is still teaching at the University of California, Berkeley, and continues to conduct research in the field of cognitive linguistics.

Mark JohnsonBasic personal information: Mark Johnson, born in the United States in 1949, is a philosopher and cognitive scientist.

Education and career background: He received his Ph.< D.

in philosophy from the University of Chicago and has held teaching positions at several universities, including Rutgers University and Washington University in St.< Louis.

Writing career: Johnson's writing career also began in the 1970s, and his collaboration with Lakoff made him famous in the field of cognitive linguistics.

Work style and themes: Johnson's work focuses on exploring how physical experience and cultural background affect our cognition and understanding, and he believes that metaphor is the basis for our understanding of the world.

Personal life: There is little public information about Johnson's personal life, but his achievements in academia have made him a well-known scholar in the field of cognitive science.

Social influence: Johnson's work has had a profound impact on cognitive science, philosophy, and linguistics, and his views have been widely discussed and cited.

Citations and evaluations: The Guardian once described Johnson's work as "a profound insight into human cognition", while Nature magazine called him "a pioneer in cognitive science.

" Latest developments: Mark Johnson died in 2020, but his academic legacy continues to influence the study of cognitive science and linguistics.< The collaboration between George Lakoff and Mark Johnson provides us with a new perspective on the role of metaphor in language and thinking.

Their work has not only had a wide impact in academia, but also had a positive impact on the public's understanding of the relationship between language and thinking.